System and methods for extraction of threshold and mobility parameters in amoled displays

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a system and method to improve the extraction of transistor and OLED parameters in an AMOLED display for compensation of programming voltages to improve image quality. A pixel circuit includes an organic light emitting device, a drive device to provide a programmable drive current to the light emitting device, a programming input to provide the programming signal, and a storage device to store the programming signal. A charge-pump amplifier has a current input and a voltage output. The charge-pump amplifier includes an operational amplifier in negative feedback configuration. The feedback is provided by a capacitor connected between the output and the inverting input of the operational amplifier. A common-mode voltage source drives the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier. An electronic switch is coupled across the capacitor to reset the capacitor. A switch module including the input is coupled to the output of the pixel circuit and an output is coupled to the input of the charge-pump amplifier. The switch module includes a set of electronic switches that may be controlled by external control signals to steer current in and out of the pixel circuit and provide a discharge path between the pixel circuit and the charge-pump amplifier and isolating the charge-pump amplifier from the pixel circuit. A controller is coupled to the pixel circuit, charge-pump amplifier and the switch module. The controller controls input signals to the pixel circuit, charge-pump amplifier and switch module in a predetermined sequence to produce an output voltage value which is a function of a parameter of the pixel circuit. The sequence includes providing a program voltage to the programming input to either pre-charge an internal capacitance of the pixel circuit to a charge level and transfer the charge to the charge-pump amplifier via the switch module to generate the output voltage value or provide a current from the pixel circuit to the charge-pump amplifier via the switch module to produce the output voltage value by integration over a certain period of time.

COPYRIGHT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patentdisclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patentfiles or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rightswhatsoever.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to active matrix organic lightemitting device (AMOLED) displays, and particularly extracting thresholdand mobility factors from the pixel drivers for such displays.

BACKGROUND

Currently, active matrix organic light emitting device (“AMOLED”)displays are being introduced. The advantages of such displays includelower power consumption, manufacturing flexibility and faster refreshrate over conventional liquid crystal displays. In contrast toconventional liquid crystal displays, there is no backlighting in anAMOLED display, and thus each pixel consists of different colored OLEDsemitting light independently. The OLEDs emit light based on currentsupplied through a drive transistor controlled by a programming voltage.The power consumed in each pixel has a relation with the magnitude ofthe generated light in that pixel.

The quality of output in an OLED based pixel is affected by theproperties of the drive transistor, which is typically fabricated frommaterials including but not limited to amorphous silicon, polysilicon,or metal oxide, as well as the OLED itself. In particular, thresholdvoltage and mobility of the drive transistor tend to change as the pixelages. In order to maintain image quality, changes in these parametersmust be compensated for by adjusting the programming voltage. In orderto do so, such parameters must be extracted from the driver circuit. Theaddition of components to extract such parameters in a simple drivercircuit requires more space on a display substrate for the drivecircuitry and thereby reduces the amount of aperture or area of lightemission from the OLED.

When biased in saturation, the I-V characteristic of a thin film drivetransistor depends on mobility and threshold voltage which are afunction of the materials used to fabricate the transistor. Thusdifferent thin film transistor devices implemented across the displaypanel may demonstrate non-uniform behavior due to aging and processvariations in mobility and threshold voltage. Accordingly, for aconstant voltage, each device may have a different drain current. Anextreme example may be where one device could have low threshold-voltageand low mobility compared to a second device with high threshold-voltageand high mobility.

Thus with very few electronic components available to maintain a desiredaperture, extraction of non-uniformity parameters (i.e. thresholdvoltage, V_(th), and mobility, μ) of the drive TFT and the OLED becomeschallenging. It would be desirable to extract such parameters in adriver circuit for an OLED pixel with as few components as possible tomaximize pixel aperture.

SUMMARY

One example disclosed is a data extraction system for an organic lightemitting device (OLED) based display. The system includes a pixelcircuit including an organic light emitting device, a drive device toprovide a programmable drive current to the light emitting device, aprogramming input to provide a programming signal, and a storage deviceto store the programming signal. A charge-pump amplifier has a currentinput and a voltage output. The charge-pump amplifier includes anoperational amplifier in negative feedback configuration. The feedbackis provided by a capacitor connected between the output and theinverting input of the operational amplifier. A common-mode voltagesource drives the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier. Anelectronic switch is coupled across the capacitor to reset thecapacitor. A switch module including the input is coupled to the outputof the pixel circuit and an output is coupled to the input of thecharge-pump amplifier. The switch module includes a plurality ofelectronic switches that may be controlled by external control signalsto steer current in and out of the pixel circuit, provide a dischargepath between the pixel circuit and the charge-pump amplifier and isolatethe charge-pump amplifier from the pixel circuit. A controller iscoupled to the pixel circuit, charge-pump amplifier and the switchmodule. The controller controls input signals to the pixel circuit,charge-pump amplifier and switch module in a predetermined sequence toproduce an output voltage value which is a function of a parameter ofthe pixel circuit. The sequence includes providing a program voltage tothe programming input to either pre-charge an internal capacitance ofthe pixel circuit to a charge level and transfer the charge to thecharge-pump amplifier via the switch module to generate the outputvoltage value or provide a current from the pixel circuit to thecharge-pump amplifier via the switch module to produce the outputvoltage value by integration over a certain period of time.

Another example is a method of extracting a circuit parameter from apixel circuit including an organic light emitting device, a drive deviceto provide a programmable drive current to the light emitting device, aprogramming input, and a storage device to store a programming signal. Apredetermined program voltage is provided to the programming voltageinput. A capacitance of the pixel circuit is charged to a charge levelor a current from the pixel circuit. The pixel circuit is coupled to acharge-pump amplifier. The charge-pump amplifier is isolated from thepixel circuit to provide a voltage output either proportional to thecharge level or to integrate the current from the pixel circuit. Thevoltage output of the charge-pump amplifier is read. At least one pixelcircuit parameter is determined from the voltage output of thecharge-pump amplifier.

Another example is a data extraction system for an organic lightemitting device (OLED) based display. The system includes a pixelcircuit having a drive transistor, an organic light emitting device, anda programming input coupled to the gate of the drive transistor. Thedrive transistor has a source or a drain coupled to the OLED. Acharge-pump amplifier has an input and an integrated voltage output. Aswitch module includes an input coupled to the output of the pixelcircuit and an output coupled to the input of the charge-pump amplifier.The switch module includes switches to steer current in and out of thepixel circuit, provide a discharge path between the pixel circuit andthe charge-pump amplifier and isolate the charge-pump amplifier from thepixel circuit. A controller is coupled to the pixel circuit, charge-pumpamplifier and the switch module. The controller controls voltage inputsto the pixel circuit, charge-pump amplifier and switch module in apredetermined sequence to produce an output voltage value which is afunction of a parameter of the pixel circuit. The sequence includingproviding a program voltage to the programming input to eitherpre-charge a capacitance of the pixel circuit to a charge level,transfer the charge to the charge-pump amplifier via the switch moduleto generate the output voltage value or provide a current from the pixelcircuit to the charge-pump amplifier via the switch module to producethe output voltage value by integration.

The foregoing and additional aspects and embodiments of the presentinvention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in viewof the detailed description of various embodiments and/or aspects, whichis made with reference to the drawings, a brief description of which isprovided next.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparentupon reading the following detailed description and upon reference tothe drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an AMOLED display with compensationcontrol;

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a data extraction circuit for atwo-transistor pixel in the AMOLED display in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the threshold voltage and mobility of an n-type drivetransistor in FIG. 2;

FIG. 3B is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the characteristic voltage of the OLED in FIG. 2 withan n-type drive transistor;

FIG. 3C is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit for a direct read to extract the threshold voltage of an n-typedrive transistor in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4A is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the threshold voltage and mobility of a p-type drivetransistor in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4B is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the characteristic voltage of the OLED in FIG. 2 witha p-type drive transistor;

FIG. 4C is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit for a direct read to extract the threshold voltage of a p-typedrive transistor in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4D is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit for a direct read of the OLED turn-on voltage using either ann-type or p-type drive transistor in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a data extraction circuit for athree-transistor drive circuit for a pixel in the AMOLED display in FIG.1 for extraction of parameters;

FIG. 6A is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the threshold voltage and mobility of the drivetransistor in FIG. 5;

FIG. 6B is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit to extract the characteristic voltage of the OLED in FIG. 5;

FIG. 6C is a signal timing diagram the signals to the data extractioncircuit for a direct read to extract the threshold voltage of the drivetransistor in FIG. 5;

FIG. 6D is a signal timing diagram of the signals to the data extractioncircuit for a direct read to extract the characteristic voltage of theOLED in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of the extraction cycle to readout thecharacteristics of the drive transistor and the OLED of a pixel circuitin an AMOLED display;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of different parameter extraction cycles andfinal applications; and

FIG. 9 is a block diagram and chart of the components of a dataextraction system.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. Itshould be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to belimited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is an electronic display system 100 having an active matrix areaor pixel array 102 in which an n×m array of pixels 104 are arranged in arow and column configuration. For ease of illustration, only two rowsand two columns are shown. External to the active matrix area of thepixel array 102 is a peripheral area 106 where peripheral circuitry fordriving and controlling the pixel array 102 are disposed. The peripheralcircuitry includes an address or gate driver circuit 108, a data orsource driver circuit 110, a controller 112, and an optional supplyvoltage (e.g., Vdd) driver 114. The controller 112 controls the gate,source, and supply voltage drivers 108, 110, 114. The gate driver 108,under control of the controller 112, operates on address or select linesSEL[i], SEL[i+1], and so forth, one for each row of pixels 104 in thepixel array 102. In pixel sharing configurations described below, thegate or address driver circuit 108 can also optionally operate on globalselect lines GSEL[j] and optionally/GSEL[j], which operate on multiplerows of pixels 104 in the pixel array 102, such as every two rows ofpixels 104. The source driver circuit 110, under control of thecontroller 112, operates on voltage data lines Vdata[k], Vdata[k+1], andso forth, one for each column of pixels 104 in the pixel array 102. Thevoltage data lines carry voltage programming information to each pixel104 indicative of the brightness of each light emitting device in thepixel 104. A storage element, such as a capacitor, in each pixel 104stores the voltage programming information until an emission or drivingcycle turns on the light emitting device. The optional supply voltagedriver 114, under control of the controller 112, controls a supplyvoltage (EL_Vdd) line, one for each row or column of pixels 104 in thepixel array 102.

The display system 100 further includes a current supply and readoutcircuit 120, which reads output data from data output lines, VD [k], VD[k+1], and so forth, one for each column of pixels 104 in the pixelarray 102.

As is known, each pixel 104 in the display system 100 needs to beprogrammed with information indicating the brightness of the lightemitting device in the pixel 104. A frame defines the time period thatincludes: (i) a programming cycle or phase during which each and everypixel in the display system 100 is programmed with a programming voltageindicative of a brightness; and (ii) a driving or emission cycle orphase during which each light emitting device in each pixel is turned onto emit light at a brightness commensurate with the programming voltagestored in a storage element. A frame is thus one of many still imagesthat compose a complete moving picture displayed on the display system100. There are at least schemes for programming and driving the pixels:row-by-row, or frame-by-frame. In row-by-row programming, a row ofpixels is programmed and then driven before the next row of pixels isprogrammed and driven. In frame-by-frame programming, all rows of pixelsin the display system 100 are programmed first, and all rows of pixelsare driven at once. Either scheme can employ a brief vertical blankingtime at the beginning or end of each frame during which the pixels areneither programmed nor driven.

The components located outside of the pixel array 102 may be disposed ina peripheral area 106 around the pixel array 102 on the same physicalsubstrate on which the pixel array 102 is disposed. These componentsinclude the gate driver 108, the source driver 110, the optional supplyvoltage driver 114, and a current supply and readout circuit 120.Alternately, some of the components in the peripheral area 106 may bedisposed on the same substrate as the pixel array 102 while othercomponents are disposed on a different substrate, or all of thecomponents in the peripheral area can be disposed on a substratedifferent from the substrate on which the pixel array 102 is disposed.Together, the gate driver 108, the source driver 110, and the supplyvoltage driver 114 make up a display driver circuit. The display drivercircuit in some configurations can include the gate driver 108 and thesource driver 110 but not the supply voltage control 114.

When biased in saturation, the first order I-V characteristic of a metaloxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor (a thin film transistor in thiscase of interest) is modeled as:

$I_{D} = {\frac{1}{2}\mu \; C_{ox}\frac{W}{L}\left( {V_{GS} - V_{th}} \right)^{2}}$

where I_(D) is the drain current and V_(GS) is the voltage differenceapplied between gate and source terminals of the transistor. The thinfilm transistor devices implemented across the display system 100demonstrate non-uniform behavior due to aging and process variations inmobility (μ) and threshold voltage (V_(th)). Accordingly, for a constantvoltage difference applied between gate and source, V_(GS), eachtransistor on the pixel matrix 102 may have a different drain currentbased on a non-deterministic mobility and threshold voltage:

I _(D(i,j))=ƒ(μ_(i,j),V _(th i,j))

where i and j are the coordinates (row and column) of a pixel in an n×marray of pixels such as the array of pixels 102 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows a data extraction system 200 including a two-transistor(2T) driver circuit 202 and a readout circuit 204. The supply voltagecontrol 114 is optional in a display system with 2T pixel circuit 104.The readout circuit 204 is part of the current supply and readoutcircuit 120 and gathers data from a column of pixels 104 as shown inFIG. 1. The readout circuit 204 includes a charge pump circuit 206 and aswitch-box circuit 208. A voltage source 210 provides the supply voltageto the driver circuit 202 through the switch-box circuit 208. Thecharge-pump and switch-box circuits 206 and 208 are implemented on thetop or bottom side of the array 102 such as in the voltage drive 114 andthe current supply and readout circuit 120 in FIG. 1. This is achievedby either direct fabrication on the same substrate as the pixel array102 or by bonding a microchip on the substrate or a flex as a hybridsolution.

The driver circuit 202 includes a drive transistor 220, an organic lightemitting device 222, a drain storage capacitor 224, a source storagecapacitor 226, and a select transistor 228. A supply line 212 providesthe supply voltage and also a monitor path (for the readout circuit 204)to a column of driver circuits such as the driver circuit 202. A selectline input 230 is coupled to the gate of the select transistor 228. Aprogramming data input 232 is coupled to the gate of the drivetransistor 220 through the select transistor 228. The drain of the drivetransistor 220 is coupled to the supply voltage line 212 and the sourceof the drive transistor 220 is coupled to the OLED 222. The selecttransistor 228 controls the coupling of the programming input 230 to thegate of the drive transistor 220. The source storage capacitor 226 iscoupled between the gate and the source of the drive transistor 220. Thedrain storage capacitor 224 is coupled between the gate and the drain ofthe drive transistor 220. The OLED 222 has a parasitic capacitance thatis modeled as a capacitor 240. The supply voltage line 212 also has aparasitic capacitance that is modeled as a capacitor 242. The drivetransistor 220 in this example is a thin film transistor that isfabricated from amorphous silicon. Of course other materials such aspolysilicon or metal oxide may be used. A node 244 is the circuit nodewhere the source of the drive transistor 220 and the anode of the OLED222 are coupled together. In this example, the drive transistor 220 isan n-type transistor. The system 200 may be used with a p-type drivetransistor in place of the n-type drive transistor 220 as will beexplained below.

The readout circuit 204 includes the charge-pump circuit 206 and theswitch-box circuit 208. The charge-pump circuit 206 includes anamplifier 250 having a positive and negative input. The negative inputof the amplifier 250 is coupled to a capacitor 252 (C_(int)) in parallelwith a switch 254 in a negative feedback loop to an output 256 of theamplifier 250. The switch 254 (S4) is utilized to discharge thecapacitor 252 C_(int) during the pre-charge phase. The positive input ofthe amplifier 250 is coupled to a common mode voltage input 258 (VCM).The output 256 of the amplifier 250 is indicative of various extractedparameters of the drive transistor 220 and OLED 222 as will be explainedbelow.

The switch-box circuit 208 includes several switches 260, 262 and 264(S1, S2 and S3) to steer current to and from the pixel driver circuit202. The switch 260 (S1) is used during the reset phase to provide adischarge path to ground. The switch 262 (S2) provides the supplyconnection during normal operation of the pixel 104 and also during theintegration phase of readout. The switch 264 (S3) is used to isolate thecharge-pump circuit 206 from the supply line voltage 212 (VD).

The general readout concept for the two transistor pixel driver circuit202 for each of the pixels 104, as shown in FIG. 2, comes from the factthat the charge stored on the parasitic capacitance represented by thecapacitor 240 across the OLED 222 has useful information of thethreshold voltage and mobility of the drive transistor 220 and theturn-on voltage of the OLED 222. The extraction of such parameters maybe used for various applications. For example, such parameters may beused to modify the programming data for the pixels 104 to compensate forpixel variations and maintain image quality. Such parameters may also beused to pre-age the pixel array 102. The parameters may also be used toevaluate the process yield for the fabrication of the pixel array 102.

Assuming that the capacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) is initially discharged, ittakes some time for the capacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) to charge up to avoltage level that turns the drive transistor 220 off. This voltagelevel is a function of the threshold voltage of the drive transistor220. The voltage applied to the programming data input 232 (V_(Data))must be low enough such that the settled voltage of the OLED 222(V_(OLED)) is less than the turn-on threshold voltage of the OLED 222itself. In this condition, V_(Data)−V_(OLED) is a linear function of thethreshold voltage (V_(th)) of the drive transistor 220. In order toextract the mobility of a thin film transistor device such as the drivetransistor 220, the transient settling of such devices, which is afunction of both the threshold voltage and mobility, is considered.Assuming that the threshold voltage deviation among the TFT devices suchas the drive transistor 220 is compensated, the voltage of the node 244sampled at a constant interval after the beginning of integration is afunction of mobility only of the TFT device such as the drive transistor220 of interest.

FIG. 3A-3C are signal timing diagrams of the control signals applied tothe components in FIG. 2 to extract parameters such as voltage thresholdand mobility from the drive transistor 220 and the turn on voltage ofthe OLED 222 in the drive circuit 200 assuming the drive transistor 220is an n-type transistor. Such control signals could be applied by thecontroller 112 to the source driver 110, the gate driver 108 and thecurrent supply and readout circuit 120 in FIG. 1. FIG. 3A is a timingdiagram showing the signals applied to the extraction circuit 200 toextract the threshold voltage and mobility from the drive transistor220. FIG. 3A includes a signal 302 for the select input 230 in FIG. 2, asignal 304 (ϕ₁) to the switch 260, a signal 306 (ϕ₂) for the switch 262,a signal 308 (ϕ₃) for the switch 264, a signal 310 (ϕ₄ )for the switch254, a programming voltage signal 312 for the programming data input 232in FIG. 2, a voltage 314 of the node 244 in FIG. 2 and an output voltagesignal 316 for the output 256 of the amplifier 250 in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3A shows the four phases of the readout process, a reset phase 320,an integration phase 322, a pre-charge phase 324 and a read phase 326.The process starts by activating a high select signal 302 to the selectinput 230. The select signal 302 will be kept high throughout thereadout process as shown in FIG. 3A.

During the reset phase 320, the input signal 304 (ϕ₁) to the switch 260is set high in order to provide a discharge path to ground. The signals306, 308 and 310 (ϕ₂, ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to the switches 262, 264 and 250 are keptlow in this phase. A high enough voltage level (V_(RST) _(13 TFT) ) isapplied to the programming data input 232 (V_(Data)) to maximize thecurrent flow through the drive transistor 220. Consequently, the voltageat the node 244 in FIG. 2 is discharged to ground to get ready for thenext cycle.

During the integration phase 322, the signal 304 (ϕ₂) to the switch 262stays high which provides a charging path from the voltage source 210through the switch 262. The signals 304, 308 and 310 (ϕ₁, ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to theswitches 260, 264 and 250 are kept low in this phase. The programmingvoltage input 232 (V_(Data)) is set to a voltage level (V_(INT) _(—TFT)) such that once the capacitor 240 (C_(oled)) is fully charged, thevoltage at the node 244 is less than the turn-on voltage of the OLED222. This condition will minimize any interference from the OLED 222during the reading of the drive transistor 220. Right before the end ofintegration time, the signal 312 to the programming voltage input 232(V_(Data)) is lowered to V_(OFF) in order to isolate the charge on thecapacitor 240 (C_(oled)) from the rest of the circuit.

When the integration time is long enough, the charge stored on capacitor240 (C_(oled)) will be a function of the threshold voltage of the drivetransistor 220. For a shortened integration time, the voltage at thenode 244 will experience an incomplete settling and the stored charge onthe capacitor 240 (C_(oled)) will be a function of both the thresholdvoltage and mobility of the drive transistor 220. Accordingly, it isfeasible to extract both parameters by taking two separate readings withshort and long integration phases.

During the pre-charge phase 324, the signals 304 and 306 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) toswitches 260 and 262 are set low. Once the input signal 310 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 254 is set high, the amplifier 250 is set in a unity feedbackconfiguration. In order to protect the output stage of the amplifier 250against short-circuit current from the supply voltage 210, the signal308 (ϕ₃) to the switch 264 goes high when the signal 306 (ϕ₂) to theswitch 262 is set low. When the switch 264 is closed, the parasiticcapacitance 242 of the supply line is precharged to the common modevoltage, VCM. The common mode voltage, VCM, is a voltage level whichmust be lower than the ON voltage of the OLED 222. Right before the endof pre-charge phase, the signal 310 (ϕ₄) to the switch 254 is set low toprepare the charge pump amplifier 250 for the read cycle.

During the read phase 336, the signals 304, 306 and 310 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂, ϕ₄) tothe switches 260, 262 and 254 are set low. The signal 308 (ϕ₃) to theswitch 264 is kept high to provide a charge transfer path from the drivecircuit 202 to the charge-pump amplifier 250. A high enough voltage 312(V_(RA) _(—TFT) ) is applied to the programming voltage input 232(V_(Data)) to minimize the channel resistance of the drive transistor220. If the integration cycle is long enough, the accumulated charge onthe capacitor 252 (C_(int)) is not a function of integration time.Accordingly, the output voltage of the charge-pump amplifier 250 in thiscase is equal to:

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}}}\left( {V_{Data} - V_{th}} \right)}$

For a shortened integration time, the accumulated charge on thecapacitor 252 (C_(int)) is given by:

Q_(int) = ∫^(T_(int))i_(D)(V_(GS), V_(th), μ) ⋅ dt

Consequently, the output voltage 256 of the charge-pump amplifier 250 atthe end of read cycle equals:

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{1}{C_{int}}} \cdot {\int^{T_{int}}{{i_{D}\left( {V_{GS},V_{th},\mu} \right)} \cdot {dt}}}}$

Hence, the threshold voltage and the mobility of the drive transistor220 may be extracted by reading the output voltage 256 of the amplifier250 in the middle and at the end of the read phase 326.

FIG. 3B is a timing diagram for the reading process of the thresholdturn-on voltage parameter of the OLED 222 in FIG. 2. The reading processof the OLED 222 also includes four phases, a reset phase 340, anintegration phase 342, a pre-charge phase 344 and a read phase 346. Justlike the reading process for the drive transistor 220 in FIG. 3A, thereading process for OLED starts by activating the select input 230 witha high select signal 302. The timing of the signals 304, 306, 308, and310 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂, ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to the switches 260, 262, 264 and 254 is the sameas the read process for the drive transistor 220 in FIG. 3A. Aprogramming signal 332 for the programming input 232, a signal 334 forthe node 244 and an output signal 336 for the output of the amplifier250 are different from the signals in FIG. 3A.

During the reset phase 340, a high enough voltage level 332 (V_(RST)_(—OLED) ) is applied to the programming data input 232 (V_(Data)) tomaximize the current flow through the drive transistor 220.Consequently, the voltage at the node 244 in FIG. 2 is discharged toground through the switch 260 to get ready for the next cycle.

During the integration phase 342, the signal 306 (ϕ₂) to the switch 262stays high which provides a charging path from the voltage source 210through the switch 262. The programming voltage input 232 (V_(Data)) isset to a voltage level 332 (V_(INT) _(—OLED) ) such that once thecapacitor 240 (C_(oled)) is fully charged, the voltage at the node 244is greater than the turn-on voltage of the OLED 222. In this case, bythe end of the integration phase 342, the drive transistor 220 isdriving a constant current through the OLED 222.

During the pre-charge phase 344, the drive transistor 220 is turned offby the signal 332 to the programming input 232. The capacitor 240(C_(oled)) is allowed to discharge until it reaches the turn-on voltageof OLED 222 by the end of the pre-charge phase 344.

During the read phase 346, a high enough voltage 332 (V_(RD) _(—OLED) )is applied to the programming voltage input 232 (V_(Data)) to minimizethe channel resistance of the drive transistor 220. If the pre-chargephase is long enough, the settled voltage across the capacitor 252(C_(int)) will not be a function of pre-charge time. Consequently, theoutput voltage 256 of the charge-pump amplifier 250 at the end of theread phase is given by:

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}}} \cdot V_{{ON},{oled}}}$

The signal 308 (ϕ₃) to the switch 264 is kept high to provide a chargetransfer path from the drive circuit 202 to the charge-pump amplifier250. Thus the output voltage signal 336 may be used to determine theturn-on voltage of the OLED 220.

FIG. 3C is a timing diagram for the direct reading of the drivetransistor 220 using the extraction circuit 200 in FIG. 2. The directreading process has a reset phase 350, a pre-charge phase 352 and anintegrate/read phase 354. The readout process is initiated by activatingthe select input 230 in FIG. 2. The select signal 302 to the selectinput 230 is kept high throughout the readout process as shown in FIG.3C. The signals 364 and 366 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) for the switches 260 and 262 areinactive in this readout process.

During the reset phase 350, the signals 368 and 370 (ϕ₃, ϕ₄) for theswitches 264 and 254 are set high in order to provide a discharge pathto virtual ground. A high enough voltage 372 (V_(RST) _(—TFT) ) isapplied to the programming input 232 (V_(Data)) to maximize the currentflow through the drive transistor 220. Consequently, the node 244 isdischarged to the common-mode voltage 374 (VCM_(RST)) to get ready forthe next cycle.

During the pre-charge phase 354, the drive transistor 220 is turned offby applying an off voltage 372 (V_(OFF)) to the programming input 232 inFIG. 2. The common-mode voltage input 258 to the positive input of theamplifier 250 is raised to VCM_(RD) in order to precharge the linecapacitance. At the end of the pre-charge phase 354, the signal 370 (ϕ₄)to the switch 254 is turned off to prepare the charge-pump amplifier 250for the next cycle.

At the beginning of the read/integrate phase 356, the programmingvoltage input 232 (V_(Data)) is raised to V_(INT) _(—TFT) 372 to turnthe drive transistor 220 on. The capacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) starts toaccumulate the charge until V_(Data) minus the voltage at the node 244is equal to the threshold voltage of the drive transistor 220. In themeantime, a proportional charge is accumulated in the capacitor 252(C_(INT)). Accordingly, at the end of the read cycle 356, the outputvoltage 376 at the output 256 of the amplifier 250 is a function of thethreshold voltage which is given by:

$V_{out} = {\frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}} \cdot \left( {V_{Data} - V_{th}} \right)}$

As indicated by the above equation, in the case of the direct reading,the output voltage has a positive polarity. Thus, the threshold voltageof the drive transistor 220 may be determined by the output voltage ofthe amplifier 250.

As explained above, the drive transistor 220 in FIG. 2 may be a p-typetransistor. FIG. 4A-4C are signal timing diagrams of the signals appliedto the components in FIG. 2 to extract voltage threshold and mobilityfrom the drive transistor 220 and the OLED 222 when the drive transistor220 is a p-type transistor. In the example where the drive transistor220 is a p-type transistor, the source of the drive transistor 220 iscoupled to the supply line 212 (VD) and the drain of the drivetransistor 220 is coupled to the OLED 222. FIG. 4A is a timing diagramshowing the signals applied to the extraction circuit 200 to extract thethreshold voltage and mobility from the drive transistor 220 when thedrive transistor 220 is a p-type transistor. FIG. 4A shows voltagesignals 402-416 for the select input 232, the switches 260, 262, 264 and254, the programming data input 230, the voltage at the node 244 and theoutput voltage 256 in FIG. 2. The data extraction is performed in threephases, a reset phase 420, an integrate/pre-charge phase 422, and a readphase 424.

As shown in FIG. 4A, the select signal 402 is active low and kept lowthroughout the readout phases 420, 422 and 424. Throughout the readoutprocess, the signals 404 and 406 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to the switches 260 and 262are kept low (inactive). During the reset phase, the signals 408 and 410(ϕ₃, ϕ₄) at the switches 264 and 254 are set to high in order to chargethe node 244 to a reset common mode voltage level VCM_(rst). Thecommon-mode voltage input 258 on the charge-pump input 258 (VCM_(rst))should be low enough to keep the OLED 222 off. The programming datainput 232 V_(Data) is set to a low enough value 412 (V_(RST) _(—TFT) )to provide maximum charging current through the driver transistor 220.

During the integrate/pre-charge phase 422, the common-mode voltage onthe common voltage input 258 is reduced to VCM_(int) and the programminginput 232 (V_(Data)) is increased to a level 412 (V_(INT) _(—TFT) ) suchthat the drive transistor 220 will conduct in the reverse direction. Ifthe allocated time for this phase is long enough, the voltage at thenode 244 will decline until the gate to source voltage of the drivetransistor 220 reaches the threshold voltage of the drive transistor220. Before the end of this cycle, the signal 410 (ϕ₄) to the switch 254goes low in order to prepare the charge-pump amplifier 250 for the readphase 424.

The read phase 424 is initiated by decreasing the signal 412 at theprogramming input 232 (V_(Data)) to V_(RD) _(—TFT) so as to turn thedrive transistor 220 on. The charge stored on the capacitor 240(C_(OLED)) is now transferred to the capacitor 254 (C_(INT)). At the endof the read phase 424, the signal 408 (ϕ₃) to the switch 264 is set tolow in order to isolate the charge-pump amplifier 250 from the drivecircuit 202. The output voltage signal 416 V_(out) from the amplifieroutput 256 is now a function of the threshold voltage of the drivetransistor 220 given by:

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}}} \cdot \left( {V_{{INT}\_ {TFT}} - V_{th}} \right)}$

FIG. 4B is a timing diagram for the in-pixel extraction of the thresholdvoltage of the OLED 222 in FIG. 2 assuming that the drive transistor 220is a p-type transistor. The extraction process is very similar to thetiming of signals to the extraction circuit 200 for an n-type drivetransistor in FIG. 3A. FIG. 4B shows voltage signals 432-446 for theselect input 230, the switches 260, 262, 264 and 254, the programmingdata input 232, the voltage at the node 244 and the amplifier output 256in FIG. 2. The extraction process includes a reset phase 450, anintegration phase 452, a pre-charge phase 454 and a read phase 456. Themajor difference in this readout cycle in comparison to the readoutcycle in FIG. 4A is the voltage levels of the signal 442 to theprogramming data input 232 (V_(Data)) that are applied to the drivercircuit 210 in each readout phase. For a p-type thin film transistorthat may be used for the drive transistor 220, the select signal 430 tothe select input 232 is active low. The select input 232 is kept lowthroughout the readout process as shown in FIG. 4B.

The readout process starts by first resetting the capacitor 240(C_(OLED)) in the reset phase 450. The signal 434 (ϕ₁) to the switch 260is set high to provide a discharge path to ground. The signal 442 to theprogramming input 232 (V_(Data)) is lowered to V_(RST) _(—OLED) in orderto turn the drive transistor 220 on.

In the integrate phase 452, the signals 434 and 436 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to theswitches 260 and 262 are set to off and on states respectively, toprovide a charging path to the OLED 222. The capacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) isallowed to charge until the voltage 444 at node 244 goes beyond thethreshold voltage of the OLED 222 to turn it on. Before the end of theintegration phase 452, the voltage signal 442 to the programming input232 (V_(Data)) is raised to V_(OFF) to turn the drive transistor 220off.

During the pre-charge phase 454, the accumulated charge on the capacitor240 (C_(OLED)) is discharged into the OLED 222 until the voltage 444 atthe node 244 reaches the threshold voltage of the OLED 222. Also, in thepre-charge phase 454, the signals 434 and 436 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to the switches260 and 262 are turned off while the signals 438 and 440 (ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to theswitches 264 and 254 are set on. This provides the condition for theamplifier 250 to precharge the supply line 212 (VD) to the common modevoltage input 258 (VCM) provided at the positive input of the amplifier250. At the end of the pre-charge phase, the signal 430 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 254 is turned off to prepare the charge-pump amplifier 250 forthe read phase 456.

The read phase 456 is initiated by turning the drive transistor 220 onwhen the voltage 442 to the programming input 232 (V_(Data)) is loweredto V_(RD) _(—OLED) . The charge stored on the capacitor 240 (C_(OLED))is now transferred to the capacitor 254 (C_(INT)) which builds up theoutput voltage 446 at the output 256 of the amplifier 250 as a functionof the threshold voltage of the OLED 220.

FIG. 4C is a signal timing diagram for the direct extraction of thethreshold voltage of the drive transistor 220 in the extraction system200 in FIG. 2 when the drive transistor 220 is a p-type transistor. FIG.4C shows voltage signals 462-476 for the select input 230, the switches260, 262, 264 and 254, the programming data input 232, the voltage atthe node 244 and the output voltage 256 in FIG. 2. The extractionprocess includes a pre-charge phase 480 and an integration phase 482.However, in the timing diagram in FIG. 4C, a dedicated final read phase484 is illustrated which may be eliminated if the output of charge-pumpamplifier 250 is sampled at the end of the integrate phase 482.

The extraction process is initiated by simultaneous pre-charging of thedrain storage capacitor 224, the source storage capacitor 226, thecapacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) and the capacitor 242 in FIG. 2. For thispurpose, the signals 462, 468 and 470 to the select line input 230 andthe switches 264 and 254 are activated as shown in FIG. 4C. Throughoutthe readout process, the signals 404 and 406 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to the switches260 and 262 are kept low. The voltage level of common mode voltage input258 (VCM) determines the voltage on the supply line 212 and hence thevoltage at the node 244. The common mode voltage (VCM) should be lowenough such that the OLED 222 does not turn on. The voltage 472 to theprogramming input 232 (V_(Data)) is set to a level (V_(RST) _(—TFT) )low enough to turn the transistor 220 on.

At the beginning of the integrate phase 482, the signal 470 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 254 is turned off in order to allow the charge-pump amplifier 250to integrate the current through the drive transistor 220. The outputvoltage 256 of the charge-pump amplifier 250 will incline at a constantrate which is a function of the threshold voltage of the drivetransistor 220 and its gate-to-source voltage. Before the end of theintegrate phase 482, the signal 468 (ϕ₃) to the switch 264 is turned offto isolate the charge-pump amplifier 250 from the driver circuit 220.Accordingly, the output voltage 256 of the amplifier 250 is given by:

$V_{out} = {I_{TFT} \cdot \frac{T_{int}}{C_{int}}}$

where I_(TFT) is the drain current of the drive transistor 220 which isa function of the mobility and (V_(CM)−V_(Data)−|V_(th)|). T_(int) isthe length of the integration time. In the optional read phase 484, thesignal 468 (ϕ₃) to the switch 264 is kept low to isolate the charge-pumpamplifier 250 from the driver circuit 202. The output voltage 256, whichis a function of the mobility and threshold voltage of the drivetransistor 220, may be sampled any time during the read phase 484.

FIG. 4D is a timing diagram for the direct reading of the OLED 222 inFIG. 2. When the drive transistor 220 is turned on with a high enoughgate-to-source voltage it may be utilized as an analog switch to accessthe anode terminal of the OLED 222. In this case, the voltage at thenode 244 is essentially equal to the voltage on the supply line 212(VD). Accordingly, the drive current through the drive transistor 220will only be a function of the turn-on voltage of the OLED 222 and thevoltage that is set on the supply line 212. The drive current may beprovided by the charge-pump amplifier 250. When integrated over acertain time period, the output voltage 256 of the integrator circuit206 is a measure of how much the OLED 222 has aged.

FIG. 4D is a timing diagram showing the signals applied to theextraction circuit 200 to extract the turn-on voltage from the OLED 222via a direct read. FIG. 4D shows the three phases of the readoutprocess, a pre-charge phase 486, an integrate phase 487 and a read phase488. FIG. 4D includes a signal 489 n or 489 p for the select input 230in FIG. 2, a signal 490 (ϕ₁) to the switch 260, a signal 491 (ϕ₂) forthe switch 262, a signal 492 (ϕ₃) for the switch 264, a signal 493 (ϕ₄)for the switch 254, a programming voltage signal 494 n or 494 p for theprogramming data input 232 in FIG. 2, a voltage 495 of the node 244 inFIG. 2 and an output voltage signal 496 for the output 256 of theamplifier 250 in FIG. 2.

The process starts by activating the select signal corresponding to thedesired row of pixels in array 102. As illustrated in FIG. 4D, theselect signal 489 n is active high for an n-type select transistor andactive low for a p-type select transistor. A high select signal 489 n isapplied to the select input 230 in the case of an n-type drivetransistor. A low signal 489 p is applied to the select input 230 in thecase of a p-type drive transistor for the drive transistor 220.

The select signal 489 n or 489 p will be kept active during thepre-charge and integrate cycles 486 and 487. The ϕ₁ and ϕ₂ inputs 490and 491 are inactive in this readout method. During the pre-chargecycle, the switch signals 492 ϕ₃ and 493 ϕ₄ are set high in order toprovide a signal path such that the parasitic capacitance 242 of thesupply line (C_(p)) and the voltage at the node 244 are pre-charged tothe common-mode voltage (VCM_(OLED)) provided to the non-invertingterminal of the amplifier 250. A high enough drive voltage signal 494 nor 494 p (V_(ON) _(—nTFT) or V_(ON) _(—pTFT) ) is applied to the datainput 232 (V_(Data)) to operate the drive transistor 220 as an analogswitch. Consequently, the supply voltage 212 VD and the node 244 arepre-charged to the common-mode voltage (VCM_(OLED)) to get ready for thenext cycle. At the beginning of the integrate phase 487, the switchinput 493 ϕ₄ is turned off in order to allow the charge-pump module 206to integrate the current of the OLED 222. The output voltage 496 of thecharge-pump module 206 will incline at a constant rate which is afunction of the turn-on voltage of the OLED 222 and the voltage 495 seton the node 244, i.e. VCM_(OLED). Before the end of the integrate phase487, the switch signal 492 ϕ₃ is turned off to isolate the charge-pumpmodule 206 from the pixel circuit 202. From this instant beyond, theoutput voltage is constant until the charge-pump module 206 is reset foranother reading. When integrated over a certain time period, the outputvoltage of the integrator is given by:

$V_{out} = {I_{OLED}\frac{T_{int}}{C_{int}}}$

which is a measure of how much the OLED has aged. T_(int) in thisequation is the time interval between the falling edge of the switchsignal 493 (ϕ₄) to the falling edge of the switch signal 492 (ϕ₃).

Similar extraction processes of a two transistor type driver circuitsuch as that in FIG. 2 may be utilized to extract non-uniformity andaging parameters such as threshold voltages and mobility of a threetransistor type driver circuit as part of the data extraction system 500as shown in FIG. 5. The data extraction system 500 includes a drivecircuit 502 and a readout circuit 504. The readout circuit 504 is partof the current supply and readout circuit 120 and gathers data from acolumn of pixels 104 as shown in FIG. 1 and includes a charge pumpcircuit 506 and a switch-box circuit 508. A voltage source 510 providesthe supply voltage (VDD) to the drive circuit 502. The charge-pump andswitch-box circuits 506 and 508 are implemented on the top or bottomside of the array 102 such as in the voltage drive 114 and the currentsupply and readout circuit 120 in FIG. 1. This is achieved by eitherdirect fabrication on the same substrate as for the array 102 or bybonding a microchip on the substrate or a flex as a hybrid solution.

The drive circuit 502 includes a drive transistor 520, an organic lightemitting device 522, a drain storage capacitor 524, a source storagecapacitor 526 and a select transistor 528. A select line input 530 iscoupled to the gate of the select transistor 528. A programming input532 is coupled through the select transistor 528 to the gate of thedrive transistor 220. The select line input 530 is also coupled to thegate of an output transistor 534. The output transistor 534 is coupledto the source of the drive transistor 520 and a voltage monitoringoutput line 536. The drain of the drive transistor 520 is coupled to thesupply voltage source 510 and the source of the drive transistor 520 iscoupled to the OLED 522. The source storage capacitor 526 is coupledbetween the gate and the source of the drive transistor 520. The drainstorage capacitor 524 is coupled between the gate and the drain of thedrive transistor 520. The OLED 522 has a parasitic capacitance that ismodeled as a capacitor 540. The monitor output voltage line 536 also hasa parasitic capacitance that is modeled as a capacitor 542. The drivetransistor 520 in this example is a thin film transistor that isfabricated from amorphous silicon. A voltage node 544 is the pointbetween the source terminal of the drive transistor 520 and the OLED522. In this example, the drive transistor 520 is an n-type transistor.The system 500 may be implemented with a p-type drive transistor inplace of the drive transistor 520.

The readout circuit 504 includes the charge-pump circuit 506 and theswitch-box circuit 508. The charge-pump circuit 506 includes anamplifier 550 which has a capacitor 552 (C_(int)) in a negative feedbackloop. A switch 554 (S4) is utilized to discharge the capacitor 552C_(int) during the pre-charge phase. The amplifier 550 has a negativeinput coupled to the capacitor 552 and the switch 554 and a positiveinput coupled to a common mode voltage input 558 (VCM). The amplifier550 has an output 556 that is indicative of various extracted factors ofthe drive transistor 520 and OLED 522 as will be explained below.

The switch-box circuit 508 includes several switches 560, 562 and 564 todirect the current to and from the drive circuit 502. The switch 560 isused during the reset phase to provide the discharge path to ground. Theswitch 562 provides the supply connection during normal operation of thepixel 104 and also during the integration phase of the readout process.The switch 564 is used to isolate the charge-pump circuit 506 from thesupply line voltage source 510.

In the three transistor drive circuit 502, the readout is normallyperformed through the monitor line 536. The readout can also be takenthrough the voltage supply line from the supply voltage source 510similar to the process of timing signals in FIG. 3A-3C. Accurate timingof the input signals (ϕ₁- ϕ₄) to the switches 560, 562, 564 and 554, theselect input 530 and the programming voltage input 532 (V_(Data)) isused to control the performance of the readout circuit 500. Certainvoltage levels are applied to the programming data input 532 (V_(Data))and the common mode voltage input 558 (VCM) during each phase of readoutprocess.

The three transistor drive circuit 502 may be programmed differentiallythrough the programming voltage input 532 and the monitoring output 536.Accordingly, the reset and pre-charge phases may be merged together toform a reset/pre-charge phase and which is followed by an integratephase and a read phase.

FIG. 6A is a timing diagram of the signals involving the extraction ofthe threshold voltage and mobility of the drive transistor 520 in FIG.5. The timing diagram includes voltage signals 602-618 for the selectinput 530, the switches 560, 562, 564 and 554, the programming voltageinput 532, the voltage at the gate of the drive transistor 520, thevoltage at the node 544 and the output voltage 556 in FIG. 5. Thereadout process in FIG. 6A has a pre-charge phase 620, an integratephase 622 and a read phase 624. The readout process initiates bysimultaneous precharging of the drain capacitor 524, the sourcecapacitor 526, and the parasitic capacitors 540 and 542. For thispurpose, the select line voltage 602 and the signals 608 and 610 (ϕ₃,ϕ₄) to the switches 564 and 554 are activated as shown in FIG. 6A. Thesignals 604 and 606 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to the switches 560 and 562 remain lowthroughout the readout cycle.

The voltage level of the common mode input 558 (VCM) determines thevoltage on the output monitor line 536 and hence the voltage at the node544. The voltage to the common mode input 558 (VCM_(TFT)) should be lowenough such that the OLED 522 does not turn on. In the pre-charge phase620, the voltage signal 612 to the programming voltage input 532(V_(Data)) is high enough (V_(RST) _(—TFT) ) to turn the drivetransistor 520 on, and also low enough such that the OLED 522 alwaysstays off.

At the beginning of the integrate phase 622, the voltage 602 to theselect input 530 is deactivated to allow a charge to be stored on thecapacitor 540 (C_(OLED)). The voltage at the node 544 will start to riseand the gate voltage of the drive transistor 520 will follow that with aratio of the capacitance value of the source capacitor 526 over thecapacitance of the source capacitor 526 and the drain capacitor 524[C_(S1)/(C_(S1)+C_(S2))]. The charging will complete once the differencebetween the gate voltage of the drive transistor 520 and the voltage atnode 544 is equal to the threshold voltage of the drive transistor 520.Before the end of the integration phase 622, the signal 610 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 554 is turned off to prepare the charge-pump amplifier 550 forthe read phase 624.

For the read phase 624, the signal 602 to the select input 530 isactivated once more. The voltage signal 612 on the programming input 532(V_(RA) _(—TFT) ) is low enough to keep the drive transistor 520 off.The charge stored on the capacitor 240 (C_(OLED)) is now transferred tothe capacitor 254 (C_(INT)) and creates an output voltage 618proportional to the threshold voltage of the drive transistor 520:

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}}}\left( {V_{G} - V_{th}} \right)}$

Before the end of the read phase 624, the signal 608 (ϕ₃) to the switch564 turns off to isolate the charge-pump circuit 506 from the drivecircuit 502.

FIG. 6B is a timing diagram for the input signals for extraction of theturn-on voltage of the OLED 522 in FIG. 5. FIG. 6B includes voltagesignals 632-650 for the select input 530, the switches 560, 562, 564 and554, the programming voltage input 532, the voltage at the gate of thedrive transistor 520, the voltage at the node 544, the common modevoltage input 558, and the output voltage 556 in FIG. 5. The readoutprocess in FIG. 6B has a pre-charge phase 652, an integrate phase 654and a read phase 656. Similar to the readout for the drive transistor220 in FIG. 6A, the readout process starts with simultaneous prechargingof the drain capacitor 524, the source capacitor 526, and the parasiticcapacitors 540 and 542 in the pre-charge phase 652. For this purpose,the signal 632 to the select input 530 and the signals 638 and 640 (ϕ₃,ϕ₄) to the switches 564 and 554 are activated as shown in FIG. 6B. Thesignals 634 and 636 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) remain low throughout the readout cycle.The input voltage 648 (VCM_(Pre)) to the common mode voltage input 258should be high enough such that the OLED 522 is turned on. The voltage642 (V_(Pre) _(—OLED) ) to the programming input 532 (V_(Data)) is lowenough to keep the drive transistor 520 off.

At the beginning of the integrate phase 654, the signal 632 to theselect input 530 is deactivated to allow a charge to be stored on thecapacitor 540 (C_(OLED)). The voltage at the node 544 will start to falland the gate voltage of the drive transistor 520 will follow with aratio of the capacitance value of the source capacitor 526 over thecapacitance of the source capacitor 526 and the drain capacitor 524[C_(S1)/(C_(S1)+C_(S2))]. The discharging will complete once the voltageat node 544 reaches the ON voltage (V_(OLED)) of the OLED 522. Beforethe end of the integration phase 654, the signal 640 (ϕ₄) to the switch554 is turned off to prepare the charge-pump circuit 506 for the readphase 656.

For the read phase 656, the signal 632 to the select input 530 isactivated once more. The voltage 642 on the (V_(RD) _(—OLED) )programming input 532 should be low enough to keep the drive transistor520 off. The charge stored on the capacitor 540 (C_(OLED)) is thentransferred to the capacitor 552 (C_(INT)) creating an output voltage650 at the amplifier output 556 proportional to the ON voltage of theOLED 522.

$V_{out} = {{- \frac{C_{oled}}{C_{int}}} \cdot V_{{ON},{oled}}}$

The signal 638 (ϕ₃) turns off before the end of the read phase 656 toisolate the charge-pump circuit 508 from the drive circuit 502.

As shown, the monitor output transistor 534 provides a direct path forlinear integration of the current for the drive transistor 520 or theOLED 522. The readout may be carried out in a pre-charge and integratecycle. However, FIG. 6C shows timing diagrams for the input signals foran additional final read phase which may be eliminated if the output ofcharge-pump circuit 508 is sampled at the of the integrate phase. FIG.6C includes voltage signals 660-674 for the select input 530, theswitches 560, 562, 564 and 554, the programming voltage input 532, thevoltage at the node 544, and the output voltage 556 in FIG. 5. Thereadout process in FIG. 6C therefore has a pre-charge phase 676, anintegrate phase 678 and an optional read phase 680.

The direct integration readout process of the n-type drive transistor520 in FIG. 5 as shown in FIG. 6C is initiated by simultaneousprecharging of the drain capacitor 524, the source capacitor 526, andthe parasitic capacitors 540 and 542. For this purpose, the signal 660to the select input 530 and the signals 666 and 668 (ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to theswitches 564 and 554 are activated as shown in FIG. 6C. The signals 662and 664 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂) to the switches 560 and 562 remain low throughout thereadout cycle. The voltage level of the common mode voltage input 558(VCM) determines the voltage on the monitor output line 536 and hencethe voltage at the node 544. The voltage signal (VCM_(TFT)) of thecommon mode voltage input 558 is low enough such that the OLED 522 doesnot turn on. The signal 670 (V_(ON) _(—TFT) ) to the programming input532 (V_(Data)) is high enough to turn the drive transistor 520 on.

At the beginning of the integrate phase 678, the signal 668 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 554 is turned off in order to allow the charge-pump amplifier 550to integrate the current from the drive transistor 520. The outputvoltage 674 of the charge-pump amplifier 550 declines at a constant ratewhich is a function of the threshold voltage, mobility and thegate-to-source voltage of the drive transistor 520. Before the end ofthe integrate phase, the signal 666 (ϕ₃) to the switch 564 is turned offto isolate the charge-pump circuit 508 from the drive circuit 502.Accordingly, the output voltage is given by:

$V_{out} = {{- I_{TFT}} \cdot \frac{T_{int}}{C_{int}}}$

where I_(TFT) is the drain current of drive transistor 520 which is afunction of the mobility and (V_(Data)−V_(CM)−V_(th)). T_(int) is thelength of the integration time. The output voltage 674, which is afunction of the mobility and threshold voltage of the drive transistor520, may be sampled any time during the read phase 680.

FIG. 6D shows a timing diagram of input signals for the direct readingof the on (threshold) voltage of the OLED 522 in FIG. 5. FIG. 6Dincludes voltage signals 682-696 for the select input 530, the switches560, 562, 564 and 554, the programming voltage input 532, the voltage atthe node 544, and the output voltage 556 in FIG. 5. The readout processin FIG. 6C has a pre-charge phase 697, an integrate phase 698 and anoptional read phase 699.

The readout process in FIG. 6D is initiated by simultaneous prechargingof the drain capacitor 524, the source capacitor 526, and the parasiticcapacitors 540 and 542. For this purpose, the signal 682 to the selectinput 530 and the signals 688 and 690 (ϕ₃, ϕ₄) to the switches 564 and554 are activated as shown in FIG. 6D. The signals 684 and 686 (ϕ₁, ϕ₂)remain low throughout the readout cycle. The voltage level of the commonmode voltage input 558 (VCM) determines the voltage on the monitoroutput line 536 and hence the voltage at the node 544. The voltagesignal (VCM_(OLED)) of the common mode voltage input 558 is high enoughsuch to turn the OLED 522 on. The signal 692 (V_(OFF) _(—TFT) ) of theprogramming input 532 (V_(Data)) is low enough to keep the drivetransistor 520 off.

At the beginning of the integrate phase 698, the signal 690 (ϕ₄) to theswitch 552 is turned off in order to allow the charge-pump amplifier 550to integrate the current from the OLED 522. The output voltage 696 ofthe charge-pump amplifier 550 will incline at a constant rate which is afunction of the threshold voltage and the voltage across the OLED 522.

Before the end of the integrate phase 698, the signal 668 (ϕ₃) to theswitch 564 is turned off to isolate the charge-pump circuit 508 from thedrive circuit 502. Accordingly, the output voltage is given by:

$V_{out} = {I_{OLED} \cdot \frac{T_{int}}{C_{int}}}$

where I_(OLED) is the OLED current which is a function of (V_(CM)−V_(th) ), and T_(int) is the length of the integration time. The outputvoltage, which is a function of the threshold voltage of the OLED 522,may be sampled any time during the read phase 699.

The controller 112 in FIG. 1 may be conveniently implemented using oneor more general purpose computer systems, microprocessors, digitalsignal processors, micro-controllers, application specific integratedcircuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLD), field programmablelogic devices (FPLD), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and thelike, programmed according to the teachings as described and illustratedherein, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the computer,software and networking arts.

In addition, two or more computing systems or devices may be substitutedfor any one of the controllers described herein. Accordingly, principlesand advantages of distributed processing, such as redundancy,replication, and the like, also can be implemented, as desired, toincrease the robustness and performance of controllers described herein.The controllers may also be implemented on a computer system or systemsthat extend across any network environment using any suitable interfacemechanisms and communications technologies including, for exampletelecommunications in any suitable form (e.g., voice, modem, and thelike), Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTNs), Packet Data Networks(PDNs), the Internet, intranets, a combination thereof, and the like.

The operation of the example data extraction process, will now bedescribed with reference to the flow diagram shown in FIG. 7. The flowdiagram in FIG. 7 is representative of example machine readableinstructions for determining the threshold voltages and mobility of asimple driver circuit that allows maximum aperture for a pixel 104 inFIG. 1. In this example, the machine readable instructions comprise analgorithm for execution by: (a) a processor, (b) a controller, and/or(c) one or more other suitable processing device(s). The algorithm maybe embodied in software stored on tangible media such as, for example, aflash memory, a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital video(versatile) disk (DVD), or other memory devices, but persons of ordinaryskill in the art will readily appreciate that the entire algorithmand/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device otherthan a processor and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware in awell known manner (e.g., it may be implemented by an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), afield programmable logic device (FPLD), a field programmable gate array(FPGA), discrete logic, etc.). For example, any or all of the componentsof the extraction sequence could be implemented by software, hardware,and/or firmware. Also, some or all of the machine readable instructionsrepresented by the flowchart of FIG. 7 may be implemented manually.Further, although the example algorithm is described with reference tothe flowchart illustrated in FIG. 7, persons of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate that many other methods of implementing theexample machine readable instructions may alternatively be used. Forexample, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/orsome of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

A pixel 104 under study is selected by turning the corresponding selectand programming lines on (700). Once the pixel 104 is selected, thereadout is performed in four phases. The readout process begins by firstdischarging the parasitic capacitance across the OLED (C_(oled)) in thereset phase (702). Next, the drive transistor is turned on for a certainamount of time which allows some charge to be accumulated on thecapacitance across the OLED C_(oled) (704). In the integrate phase, theselect transistor is turned off to isolate the charge on the capacitanceacross the OLED C_(oled) and then the line parasitic capacitance (C_(P))is precharged to a known voltage level (706). Finally, the drivetransistor is turned on again to allow the charge on the capacitanceacross the OLED C_(oled) to be transferred to the charge-pump amplifieroutput in a read phase (708). The amplifier's output represent aquantity which is a function of mobility and threshold voltage. Thereadout process is completed by deselecting the pixel to preventinterference while other pixels are being calibrated (710).

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of different extraction cycles and parameterapplications for pixel circuits such as the two transistor circuit inFIG. 2 and the three transistor circuit in FIG. 5. One process is anin-pixel integration that involves charge transfer (800). A chargerelevant to the parameter of interest is accumulated in the internalcapacitance of the pixel (802). The charge is then transferred to theexternal read-out circuit such as the charge-pump or integrator toestablish a proportional voltage (804). Another process is an off-pixelintegration or direct integration (810). The device current is directlyintegrated by the external read-out circuit such as the charge-pump orintegrator circuit (812).

In both processes, the generated voltage is post-processed to resolvethe parameter of interest such as threshold voltage or mobility of thedrive transistor or the turn-on voltage of the OLED (820). The extractedparameters may be then used for various applications (822). Examples ofusing the parameters include modifying the programming data according tothe extracted parameters to compensate for pixel variations (824).Another example is to pre-age the panel of pixels (826). Another exampleis to evaluate the process yield of the panel of pixels afterfabrication (828).

FIG. 9 is a block diagram and chart of the components of a dataextraction system that includes a pixel circuit 900, a switch box 902and a readout circuit 904 that may be a charge pump/integrator. Thebuilding components (910) of the pixel circuit 900 include an emissiondevice such as an OLED, a drive device such as a drive transistor, astorage device such as a capacitor and access switches such as a selectswitch. The building components 912 of the switch box 902 include a setof electronic switches that may be controlled by external controlsignals. The building components 914 of the readout circuit 904 includean amplifier, a capacitor and a reset switch.

The parameters of interest may be stored as represented by the box 920.The parameters of interest in this example may include the thresholdvoltage of the drive transistor, the mobility of the drive transistorand the turn-on voltage of the OLED. The functions of the switch box 902are represented by the box 922. The functions include steering currentin and out of the pixel circuit 900, providing a discharge path betweenthe pixel circuit 900 and the charge-pump of the readout circuit 904 andisolating the charge-pump of the readout circuit 904 from the pixelcircuit 900. The functions of the readout circuit 904 are represented bythe box 924. One function includes transferring a charge from theinternal capacitance of the pixel circuit 900 to the capacitor of thereadout circuit 904 to generate a voltage proportional to that charge inthe case of in-pixel integration as in steps 800-804 in FIG. 8. Anotherfunction includes integrating the current of the drive transistor or theOLED of the pixel circuit 900 over a certain time in order to generate avoltage proportional to the current as in steps 810-814 of FIG. 8.

While particular embodiments and applications of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that theinvention is not limited to the precise construction and compositionsdisclosed herein and that various modifications, changes, and variationscan be apparent from the foregoing descriptions without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A data extraction system for an organic lightemitting device (OLED) based display, the system comprising: a pixelcircuit including an OLED, a drive transistor to provide a programmabledrive current to the OLED, a programming input to receive a programmingsignal, and a storage device to store the programming signal; a readoutcircuit including an input and including an output for providing anoutput voltage value; a switch module including an input coupled to anoutput of the pixel circuit and including an output coupled to the inputof the readout circuit; and a controller coupled to the pixel circuit,the readout circuit, and the switch module, the controller operable tocontrol input signals to the pixel circuit, readout circuit, and switchmodule in a predetermined sequence to produce the output voltage valuesuch that it is a function of at least one parameter of the pixelcircuit, the input signals including a program voltage provided to theprogramming input to control the pixel circuit to provide a signaloutput to the input of the readout circuit via the switch module toproduce the output voltage value.
 22. The system of claim 21, whereinthe readout circuit includes a charge-pump amplifier, the input of thereadout circuit being an input of the charge-pump amplifier and theoutput of the readout circuit being a voltage output of the charge-pumpamplifier.
 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the controller isoperable to control the program voltage provided to the programminginput and to control the input signals, to pre-charge an internalcapacitance of the pixel circuit to a charge level and to transfer thecharge to the readout circuit via the switch module to generate theoutput voltage value.
 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the controlleris operable to control the program voltage provided to the programminginput and to control the input signals, to provide a current from thepixel circuit to the readout circuit via the switch module to producethe output voltage value by integration over a certain period of time.25. The system of claim 21, wherein the program voltage provided to theprogramming input comprises a programming sequence to produce the outputvoltage value such that it is a function of the at least one parameterof the pixel circuit.
 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the controlleris operable to control the program voltage provided to the programminginput and to control the input signals, to allow the stored charge ofthe internal capacitance to discharge through the switch module to thereadout circuit until the gate-to-source drive-voltage of the drivetransistor is equal to the threshold voltage of the drive transistor,and wherein the at least one parameter comprises the threshold voltageof the drive transistor, the internal capacitance of the pixel ispre-charged to a level that does not turn the OLED on, and the outputvoltage value is a function of the threshold voltage, feedbackcapacitor, the OLED capacitance, and the program voltage.
 27. The systemof claim 23, wherein the controller is operable to control the programvoltage provided to the programming input and to control the inputsignals, to allow the stored charge of the internal capacitance topartially discharge through the switch module to the readout circuitover an integration time shorter than a substantially complete dischargetime for the stored charge, and wherein the at least one parametercomprises the mobility of the drive transistor, the internal capacitanceof the pixel is pre-charged to a level that does not turn the OLED on,and the output voltage value is a function of the mobility of the drivetransistor, integration time, feedback capacitor, and the programvoltage.
 28. The system of claim 23, wherein the controller is operableto control the program voltage provided to the programming input and tocontrol the input signals, to discharge the charge on the OLEDcapacitance through the OLED until it reaches the turn-on voltage of theOLED and transfer the remaining charge on the OLED capacitance throughthe switch module to the readout circuit, and wherein the at least oneparameter comprises the turn-on voltage of the OLED, the OLEDcapacitance is pre-charged to a level higher than the turn-on voltage ofthe OLED, and the output voltage value is a value of the turn-on voltageof the OLED as a function of a capacitance in the readout circuit andthe OLED capacitance.
 29. The system of claim 24, wherein the controlleris operable to control the program voltage provided to the programminginput and to control the input signals, to set the program voltage to aproper level to turn the drive transistor on and steer the current ofthe drive transistor through the switch module into the readout circuitto be directly integrated for a certain amount of time, and wherein theat least one parameter comprises the threshold voltage and mobility ofthe drive transistor and the output voltage value is a value of thethreshold voltage and mobility as a function of a capacitance in thereadout circuit, length of integration time, and the program voltage.30. The system of claim 24, wherein the controller is operable tocontrol the program voltage provided to the programming input and tocontrol the input signals, to set the program voltage to a proper levelto operate the drive transistor as a switch and steer the current of theOLED through the switch module into the readout circuit to be directlyintegrated for a certain amount of time, and wherein the at least oneparameter comprises the turn-on voltage of the OLED and the outputvoltage value is a value of the OLED's turn-on voltage as function of acapacitance in the readout circuit, length of integration time.
 31. Amethod of extracting data from a pixel circuit of an organic lightemitting device (OLED) based display, the pixel circuit including anOLED, a drive transistor to provide a programmable drive current to theOLED, a programming input to receive a programming signal, and a storagedevice to store the programming signal, the method comprising:controlling input signals to the pixel circuit, a readout circuit, and aswitch module, an output of the pixel circuit coupled to an input of theswitch module, an output of the switch module coupled to an input of thereadout circuit; and providing a program voltage to the programminginput to control the pixel circuit to provide a signal output to theinput of the readout circuit via the switch module to produce an outputvoltage value from an output of the readout circuit, the input signalsincluding the program voltage and comprising a predetermined sequence toproduce the output voltage value such that it is a function of at leastone parameter of the pixel circuit.
 32. The method of claim 31, whereinthe readout circuit includes a charge-pump amplifier, the input of thereadout circuit being an input of the charge-pump amplifier and theoutput of the readout circuit being a voltage output of the charge-pumpamplifier.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the program voltage isprovided to the programming input and the input signals are controlledto pre-charge an internal capacitance of the pixel circuit to a chargelevel and to transfer the charge to the readout circuit via the switchmodule to generate the output voltage value.
 34. The method of claim 31,wherein the program voltage is provided to the programming input and theinput signals are controlled to provide a current from the pixel circuitto the readout circuit via the switch module to produce the outputvoltage value by integration over a certain period of time,
 35. Themethod of claim 31, wherein the program voltage provided to theprogramming input comprises a programming sequence to produce the outputvoltage value such that it is a function of the at least one parameterof the pixel circuit.
 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising:allowing the stored charge of the internal capacitance to dischargethrough the switch module to the readout circuit until thegate-to-source drive-voltage of the drive transistor is equal to thethreshold voltage of the drive transistor, wherein the at least oneparameter comprises the threshold voltage of the drive transistor, theinternal capacitance of the pixel is pre-charged to a level that doesnot turn the OLED on, and the output voltage value is a function of thethreshold voltage, feedback capacitor, the OLED capacitance, and theprogram voltage.
 37. The method of claim 33, further comprising:allowing the stored charge of the internal capacitance to partiallydischarge through the switch module to the readout circuit over anintegration time shorter than a substantially complete discharge timefor the stored charge, wherein the at least one parameter comprises themobility of the drive transistor, the internal capacitance of the pixelis pre-charged to a level that does not turn the OLED on, and the outputvoltage value is a function of the mobility of the drive transistor,integration time, feedback capacitor, and the program voltage.
 38. Themethod of claim 33, further comprising: discharging the charge on theOLED capacitance through the OLED until it reaches the turn-on voltageof the OLED; and transferring the remaining charge on the OLEDcapacitance through the switch module to the readout circuit, whereinthe at least one parameter comprises the turn-on voltage of the OLED,the OLED capacitance is pre-charged to a level higher than the turn-onvoltage of the OLED, and the output voltage value is a value of theturn-on voltage of the OLED as a function of a capacitance in thereadout circuit and the OLED capacitance.
 39. The method of claim 34,further comprising: setting the program voltage to a proper level toturn the drive transistor on; and steering the current of the drivetransistor through the switch module into the readout circuit to bedirectly integrated for a certain amount of time, wherein the at leastone parameter comprises the threshold voltage and mobility of the drivetransistor and the output voltage value is a value of the thresholdvoltage and mobility as a function of a capacitance in the readoutcircuit, length of integration time, and the program voltage.
 40. Themethod of claim 34, further comprising: setting the program voltage to aproper level to operate the drive transistor as a switch; and steeringthe current of the OLED through the switch module into the readoutcircuit to be directly integrated for a certain amount of time, whereinthe at least one parameter comprises the turn-on voltage of the OLED andthe output voltage value is a value of the OLED's turn-on voltage asfunction of a capacitance in the readout circuit, length of integrationtime.